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Publications

I write and edit articles, books, policy reports, and blog posts. Here are some of the main publications from recent years. My writing covers or has covered global health (WHO, One Health, IP, and technology transfer, pathogen genomics, IHR, pandemic treaty negotiations, and other topics), biosecurity, international organizations, global governance, accountability, international investment law, and international trade law.

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The Biological Weapons Convention in the Age of Synthetic Biology

T.M.C. Asser Press / Springer, “50 Years of the Biological Weapons Convention”.
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Statement on Biosecurity Risks at the Convergence of AI and the Life Sciences

 AIxBio Global Forum

The Pandemic Agreement: A Milestone in Global Health, but Will it Work?

EJIL: Talk!

Preliminary Reflections on the WHO Pandemic Agreement 

The negotiations on the WHO pandemic agreement concluded on 16 April 2025, setting a major benchmark in global health security law. As the final text ...

Access and Benefit Sharing: Streamlining Legal Frameworks for Global Health Equity

BMJ Public Health
In November 2024, the state parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) invited pharmaceutical companies utilizing publicly available digi...

Establishing the value of regional cooperation and a critical role for regional organisations in managing future health emergencies

THE LANCET Global Health

It takes a global village: advancing equitable access to mpox vaccines

BMJ Public Health
We lay out some strategies the international community should consider in getting Mpox vaccines to those in need: mobilizing funds, donations from sto...
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Legal Frameworks for Outbreak Response

NUS Press
The chapter reviews the main international legal frameworks that govern infectious disease outbreaks. It is published in the book “𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶...

The New Amendments to the International Health Regulations (2024)

NUS Centre for International Law | Global Health Law Notes
The 77th World Health Assembly adopted amendments to the IHR (2005). These amendments are scheduled to go into effect in 2025. This note reviews and e...

The Pathogen Access & Benefit Sharing System: Where Do the Negotiations Stand?

NUS Centre for International Law | Global Health Law Notes
This note examines the WHO negotiations on the PABS under the pandemic accord.
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WIPO Arbitration in Life Sciences Disputes

This note examines the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre. It examines its procedures and assesses their advantage for life sciences disputes.

Review of and Comments regarding the Negotiating Text of the WHO Pandemic Agreement of 16 October 2023

NUS Centre for International Law | Global Health Law Notes
WHO member states are negotiating a new pandemic accord. This note reviews the negotiating text released in October 2023.

The 2023 United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting Political Declaration on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness & Response

NUS Centre for International Law | Global Health Law Notes
On September 20, 2023, the UNGA High-Level Meeting adopted a Political Declaration on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response. This note unpac...
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White Paper on ONE HEALTH

International Law Association at 150 Years
The White Paper examines the One Health concept from an international law and global governance perspective and contributes to discussions on the inte...

Equitable Access Contracts: Building Blocks of a Future Global Vaccine Strategy

EJIL: Talk!
This note addressed the role of private contracts in operationalizing fair and equitable access to vaccines.
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Investment Treaties and the Rule of Law Promise: An Examination of the Internalisation of International Commitments in Asia

Cambridge University Press
This book explores whether and how international investment treaties are internalized inside national jurisdictions. It includes case studies on Singa...
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Rethinking Participation in Global Governance: Voice and Influence after Stakeholder Reforms in Global Finance and Global Health

Oxford University Press
International organizations and other global governance bodies often make rules and decisions without input from many of the individuals, groups, firm...

Between Participation and Capture in International Rule-Making: The WHO Framework of Engagement with Non-State Actors

European Journal of International Law
This article examines the advantages and risks of increased non-state actor participation in international law and policy-making. It identifies the m...

When Crisis Meets Preparation and Discipline: Singapore’s Successful Response to COVID-19

Wash. U. Glob. Stud. L. Rev.
This article unpacks Singapore’s successful public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights three main factors that contributed t...

Closing the Compliance Gap: From Soft to Hard Monitoring Mechanisms Under the International Health Regulations

Wash. U. Glob. Stud. L. Rev.
This article examines the role of monitoring mechanisms in improving the implementation of core capacity obligations under the IHR.
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The World Health Organization and COVID-19: How Much Legal Authority Does the WHO Really Have to Manage the Pandemic? 

NUS Centre for International Law Blog
This note explains the scope of the WHO’s legal authority for managing pandemics. In particular, it highlights that the WHO has guidance, inform...

Global Governance: The World Health Organization and the Need for Post-COVID-19 Reform| Addressing Challenges to Public Health and Society Through Global Collaboration

Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute
This White Paper examines the International Health Regulations (2005) and makes recommendations for reform. The recommendations were submitted to the ...
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The Rise of Multistakeholder Partnerships

Cambridge University Press/Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting
This note discusses the emergence of multi-stakeholder partnerships in international governance. After describing how they have developed, it explains...

Industry, Regulatory Capture and Transnational Standard Setting

American Journal of International Law (Unbound)
This article describes the increased involvement of industry in international law and policymaking. It highlights the primary causes for the increased...
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Taking foreign interests into account: Rulemaking in the US and EU

International Journal of Constitutional Law
This article examines how and why US and EU regulatory agencies consider the interests of other governments and stakeholders when developing new rules...
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Is There a Stagnation in International Law?

Cambridge University Press/ASIL Proceedings of the Annual Meeting
This note explores how and why the actors, sources, and institutions of international law have significantly changed. States used to dominate internat...
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Informal International Lawmaking: Case Studies

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher The Hague
This book explores informal international lawmaking in trade, finance, investment, competition, health, environment, food and more.
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Emergency Action by the WTO Director-General: Global Administrative Law and the WTO’s Initial Response to the 2008–09 Financial Crisis

International Organizations Law Review
This article explores the WTO Director-General’s response to the 2008 financial crisis from a global administrative law perspective.

Media

WHO approves world’s first pandemic agreement
June 8, 2025
ABC
Pandemic Preparedness: First Pandemic Treaty Adopted
May 20, 2025
DW
Did COVID Originally Leak From a Chinese Lab? Politics May Prevent Us Ever Knowing for Sure
February 28, 2023
Time Magazine
Pandemic Treaty to be Front and Centre at Landmark WHO Meeting
November 28, 2021
South China Morning Post
US-China Tensions over ‘Lab Leak’ Theory Hamper Hunt for Covid-19 Origins
September 3, 2021
South China Morning Post
China’s Covid Origins Snub Shows Limits to World Health Organization’s Power
July 22, 2021
South China Morning Post
Coronavirus: Balancing Act for WHO on Next Phase of Investigation into Covid-19 Origins
May 26, 2021
South China Morning Post
Coronavirus: Facing Criticism and Attacks, WHO Team Readies Report on Wuhan Probe
February 17, 2021
South China Morning Post
WHO Coronavirus Investigation Team to Arrive in China on Thursday
January 11, 2021
South China Morning Post
US under Biden set to stay in WHO, but Experts say Health Body Needs Shake-Ip
November 9, 2020
South China Morning Post
Coronavirus: what China’s Decision to join the WHO’s Vaccine Scheme Means
October 9, 2020
South China Morning Post
Coronavirus: WHO Waits for China to Approve Pandemic Origins Investigators
October 8, 2020
South China Morning Post
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